POLARIS Journal of Maritime Research
type: channel
description: POLARIS Journal of Maritime Research (PJMR): Peer-reviewed international journal on maritime safety, energy, management, environment, human factors, technology impacts, and policy. For academics and professionals.
publisher: National Institute of Maritime Affairs - NIMA
language: en
publication name: POLARIS Journal of Maritime Research
issn: 2519-1772
items: Maritime Security for Bangladesh: Geopolitical, Geoeconomic, and Media Imperatives in the Bay of Bengal
items: INTELLIGENT SECURITY IN THE MARITIME SECTOR THROUGH ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE-BASED GAIT ANALYSIS
items: GLOBAL CHEMICAL FRAMEWORK AND GHS IN PAKISTAN: A POLICY ALIGNMENT REVIEW FOR BASEL, ROTTERDAM, MINAMATA CONVENTIONS AND IMO STANDARDS FOR HAZARDOUS CHEMICAL
items: SPATIOTEMPORAL MODELLING OF HEAVY METAL POLLUTION AND WATER QUALITY DEGRADATION IN KARACHI’S COASTAL WATERS: THREAT TO MARITIME SUSTAINABILITY
items: GEO-SPATIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY OF THE COASTAL BELT ALONG THE PROVINCE OF SINDH, PAKISTAN
items: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF INDIA AND CHINA’S MARITIME SECURITY POLICIES IN THE INDIAN OCEAN: IMPLICATIONS FOR REGIONAL SECURITY
items: TIDES OF CHANGE: UNDERSTANDING MARITIME CONFLICTS AND TRANSBOUNDARY COOPERATION IN NIGERIA THROUGH HISTORY
items: CONTINUITIES & DISCONTINUITIES OF MARITIME SECURITY: A CASE STUDY OF GWADAR
items: CHINA-U.S. NAVAL BUILD-UP AND EMERGING BALANCE OF POWER IN INDO-PACIFIC
items: MARITIME SECURITY AND GEO-POLITICS IN INDIAN OCEAN REGION: REPERCUSSIONS FOR PAKISTAN
items: TRIANGLE OF PROGRESS - CHINA PAKISTAN ECONOMIC CORRIDOR, SHIP RECYCLING & STEEL INDUSTRY
items: INDO-FRENCH STRATEGIC PARTNERSHIP IN THE INDIAN OCEAN: IMPLICATIONS FOR PAKISTAN
items: Necessity of Maritime Security in Gwadar Port Complex
items: MARITIME TOURISM: GLOBAL SUCCESS STORIES AND THE CASE OF PAKISTAN
items: Dhows in doldrums: a spotlight on an informal segment of Pakistan’s maritime economy
items: Maritime Security Cooperation: From Mistrust to Trust in the Indian Ocean Region
items: Geo-political and Geo-economic Dynamics of the Region in Developing the Sea-based Economy of the IOR Countries
items: Sir Creek and its Legal and Political Significance and Resolution
items: Beyond Seablindness: A New Agenda for Maritime Security Studies
items: Regional Collaboration Among Countries in the Indian Ocean for Better Coastal and Ocean Governance
items: The Arabian Sea - Marine Pollution Viz A Viz Existence and Implementation of International Preventative Laws
items: Sustainable Fisheries Management in the Indian Ocean: The Way Forward
items: Tackling the Menace of Illegal, Unreported, and Unregulated Fishing: A Call for Global Action
items: Analysis of Karachi Coast Through Geo Spatial Technique from 2013-2022
items: Usage of Term' Maritime'' and its Impacts on the Literature on China-Pakistan Economic (Maritime) Corridor (CPEC)
items: Sino-US Escalating Competition in Indo-Pacific Ocean: Challenges and Choices for Pakistan
items: Realization of Vessel Productivity Enhancement via Comparative Analysis of Liner Services: A case of Qasim International Container Terminal (QICT) DP World, Karachi
items: Environmental Challenges – Focus on Indian Ocean: Evaluation of International Climate Change Agreements and Protocols
items: IUU Fishing policy adoption in Pakistan: An overview
items: Monitoring Emissions over Coastal Regions of Pakistan: Current Status and Applicable Techniques

Maritime Security for Bangladesh: Geopolitical, Geoeconomic, and Media Imperatives in the Bay of Bengal
type: item
description: Bangladesh’s maritime security is becoming increasingly important to its national strategy, with sovereignty and economic growth closely linked to the Bay of Bengal. The maritime area offers strategic opportunities—such as key sea routes, fisheries, hydrocarbons, and Blue Economy resources—but also exposes the country to climate challenges, illegal fishing, and great-power competition in the Indo-Pacific. This study explores how historical legacies, current geopolitics, and emerging geoeconomic trends influence Bangladesh’s maritime security. Guided by the question, “What defines maritime security for Bangladesh and its future trajectory?” The research employs a multidimensional security framework (Buzan 1991; Till 2009) and qualitative methods, including document analysis and expert reflections. Findings show that maritime security extends beyond naval defense to encompass geopolitical balancing, economic influence, and societal engagement. The study emphasizes that promoting ocean literacy, strengthening institutions, and developing a resilient maritime strategy are crucial for protecting Bangladesh’s national interests and capitalizing on its strategic position in the twenty-first century.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Maritime Security
  topic: keywords
subject: Bay of Bengal
  topic: keywords
subject: Indo-Pacific
  topic: keywords
subject: Ocean Literacy
  topic: keywords
subject: Geopolitics
  topic: keywords
subject: Geo-economics
  topic: keywords
subject: Media
  topic: keywords
creator: Syed Misbah Uddin Ahmad
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 POLARIS Journal of Maritime Research
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 83
ending page: 104
doi: 10.53963/

INTELLIGENT SECURITY IN THE MARITIME SECTOR THROUGH ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE-BASED GAIT ANALYSIS
type: item
description: Maritime activities, including global shipping and port operations, rely on interconnected systems where access control is critical for cybersecurity. Gait-based recognition can provide a reliable biometric solution to enhance secure authentication in such maritime environments. This paper seeks to investigate gait recognition as an application of security deployed on deep learning, namely Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) on gait images having four walking conditions of the CASIA-C dataset. Gait recognition is a promising type of biometric, especially in the maritime field as it can be applied in the identification of people and safeguarding security in restricted or sensitive regions. Our proposed technique proves the applicability of deep learning methods to increase the gait recognition performance, in particular, the performance of CNN versus the MobileNetV2. MobileNetV2 was employed over the CASIA-C dataset, results in 88% accuracy. Nonetheless, we performed a lot better because our results with CNN model reached a score of 92.79% accuracy and 87.33% precision. These results indicate that CNN design more valid and well-developed gait classification model in using security scenarios and especially in detecting individuals in different walking parameters.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Gait Recognition
  topic: keywords
subject: Convolutional Neural Network
  topic: keywords
subject: Biometric Access Control
  topic: keywords
subject: Deep Learning
  topic: keywords
subject: Cyber-Physical Security
  topic: keywords
creator: Zill e Haseeb
creator: Shafaan Khaliq
creator: Saira Moin u Din
creator: Umer Ghani
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 POLARIS Journal of Maritime Research
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 1
ending page: 12
doi: 10.53963/pjmr.2025.001.1

GLOBAL CHEMICAL FRAMEWORK AND GHS IN PAKISTAN: A POLICY ALIGNMENT REVIEW FOR BASEL, ROTTERDAM, MINAMATA CONVENTIONS AND IMO STANDARDS FOR HAZARDOUS CHEMICAL
type: item
description: The world’s rapid industrial growth and increasing life style and demand of goods transported by the sea, have amplified the environmental pollution risk, making proper chemical handling during transport, storage and waste disposal more critical than ever. Poor management of these processes can harm ecosystems, people's health, and the economy. To address these issues, international agreements like the Besel, Rotterdam, and Minamata Conventions as well as maritime rules from the International Maritime organisation IMO and the globally harmonised system GHS, set clear guidelines for safely managing chemicals. As a country that has signed these agreements, Pakistan must take its own laws, match these global standards. However, the lack in unified legal system, weak coordination between government agencies, unlimited ability to enforce rules are still holding back proper compliance. This review adopts a qualitative, multi-criteria policy analysis approach, combining document analysis, stakeholder consultations, and comparative benchmarking with regional best practices. The study highlights major policy gaps, including partial implementation of prior informed consent procedures, absence of a mercury phase-out strategy, and inconsistent adoption of GHS. The visual synthesis tools such as compliance radar charts and stakeholder impact matrices further expose systemic weaknesses and potential areas for reform. The findings underscore the need for an integrated national strategy, enhanced institutional capabilities, and adoption of best practices to strengthen chemical safety governance and ensure sustainable maritime trade in Pakistan.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Maritime Trade, Hazardous Waste; Chemical Safety, MARPOL, IMO, Environment Protocols
  topic: keywords
creator: Shanza Shahid
creator: Muhammad Irfan
creator: Safia Noor
creator: Asher Nazir
creator: Syed Moazzam Hassan
creator: Shaista Mahmud
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 POLARIS Journal of Maritime Research
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 13
ending page: 27
doi: 10.53963/pjmr.2025.002.1

SPATIOTEMPORAL MODELLING OF HEAVY METAL POLLUTION AND WATER QUALITY DEGRADATION IN KARACHI’S COASTAL WATERS: THREAT TO MARITIME SUSTAINABILITY
type: item
description: The industrialization, maritime operations, and urban expansion adjacent to major port cities around the world are becoming a threat to coastal ecosystems. The research presents a decade review on spatiotemporal analysis of water quality along a Karachi coastal zone, one of Pakistan's most active maritime and economic sectors. Physico-Chemical parameters and Heavy metals were evaluated to quantify the Water Quality Index (WQI), correlation analysis, Heavy Metal Pollution Index (HPI), and statistical analysis. The major parameters were pH, Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Chromium (Cr), Nickel (Ni), Cadmium (Cd), Arsenic (As) and Lead (Pb) were gathered for six different locations i.e. Sandspit, Hawksbay, Seaview, Manora, Gizri Creek and mouth of Lyari River. The modeling trend revealed a severe degradation in water quality at Seaview and Gizri Creek due to untreated sewage, industrial effluent, shipping operation discharges, and port activities. The research summarizes a strong correlation between metallic and organic pollutants due to maritime transport, the absence of wastewater treatment, and unsustainable ship-breaking practices. The Manora Beach water quality is comparatively stable due to isolation from the direct influence of pollutants. The sustainability of the coastal zone was also measured to predict the future risk by projecting the WQI for 2030. The forecast shows that maximum deterioration at Sea view exceeds the critical threshold and greatly influences the coastal tourism, marine biodiversity and aquatic life. The integrated analysis provides a comprehensive dataset and establishes a baseline for environmental monitoring for coastal zone management. The results highlight the vulnerable zone to adopt the mitigation plans and sustainable development strategies for Pakistan's coastal and maritime economic corridors.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Muhammad Irfan
creator: Bassam Nasir
creator: Rabia Arif
creator: Shaista Mahmud
creator: Safia Noor
creator: Mohammad Idrees
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 POLARIS Journal of Maritime Research
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 65
ending page: 82
doi: 10.53963/pjmr.2025.005.1

GEO-SPATIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY OF THE COASTAL BELT ALONG THE PROVINCE OF SINDH, PAKISTAN
type: item
description: Coastal habitats are very important for preserving biodiversity and supporting livelihoods, yet they are increasingly endangered by human activities and environmental changes. The study evaluates the relationship between environmental changes and fisheries resources through observing the spatio-temporal changes in mangrove forests along the coastal belt of Sindh. The study examines sea-level rise, hot spots for coastal pollution, and the combined effects of these factors on marine and coastal ecosystems using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and remote sensing technologies. The results show a notable increase in mangrove coverage, which acts as a natural defense against cyclones and coastal erosion, in contrast to earlier predictions. Rising sea levels and extreme plastic pollution, however, continue to be risks. Numerous plastic trash sites along the Karachi coast were seen in the field, which resulted in death and a decline in fish biodiversity. This decline in fishing resources emphasizes the significance sustainable coastal management. The Sindh coast's susceptibility to the effects of climate change is further highlighted by mapping of coastal cyclones. To safeguard the region's ecological and economic health, the study also highlights the significance of mangrove conservation and focused pollution control for the long term sustainability of coastal ecosystem.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: GIS and Remote Sensing, Mangroves, Sindh coast, Environmental pollution, Pakistan
  topic: keywords
creator: Mehwish Mushtaq
creator: Nimra Ashfaq
creator: Dr.Lubna Ghazal
creator: Falak Naeem
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 POLARIS Journal of Maritime Research
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 28
ending page: 44
doi: 10.53963/pjmr.2025.003.1

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF INDIA AND CHINA’S MARITIME SECURITY POLICIES IN THE INDIAN OCEAN: IMPLICATIONS FOR REGIONAL SECURITY
type: item
description: India and China place significant strategic importance on the Indian Ocean. To understand why the modernization of their navies and the protection of Sea lines of Communication (SLOCs) are so critical, it is useful to reference Alfred Thayer Mahan’s concept of Sea Power, which emphasizes the decisive role of maritime strength in national power and economic security. China’s Maritime Silk Road (MSR) initiative seeks to secure critical Sea Lines of Communication (SLOCs) vital to its trade and to enhance its naval capabilities. India, conversely, perceives China’s expanding maritime presence in the Indian Ocean as a strategic challenge. A systematic comparison of how both countries are formulating their maritime security policies, particularly with regard to naval modernization and alliance-building, remains an underexplored area, which this study seeks to address. The study aims to examine the underlying motivations shaping the maritime policies of India and China and to assess their respective strategies within the regional security architecture of the Indian Ocean. Employing a qualitative analytical approach, the research identifies the core features and objectives of India’s maritime security strategy and compares them with China’s strategic objectives. The findings suggest that the policies pursued by both states are contributing to increasing militarization and the potential nuclearization of the region. The analysis concludes by highlighting the intensifying naval competition between India and China, arguing that their continued expansion of maritime capabilities may prove destabilizing for regional security.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Maritime security
  topic: keywords
subject: Indian Ocean Region (IOR)
  topic: keywords
subject: China
  topic: keywords
subject: India
  topic: keywords
subject: Naval Mordernization
  topic: keywords
creator: Albash Riaz
creator: Syed Aleem Gillani
creator: Muhammad Usman
creator: Malik Assad Maqsood
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 POLARIS Journal of Maritime Research
date: 2025-12-31
publication date: 2025-12-31
starting page: 45
ending page: 64
doi: 10.53963/pjmr.2025.004.1

TIDES OF CHANGE: UNDERSTANDING MARITIME CONFLICTS AND TRANSBOUNDARY COOPERATION IN NIGERIA THROUGH HISTORY
type: item
description: The Management of Transboundary water resources, including maritime domains, has been a longstanding challenge for nations worldwide. From precolonial times to the present, conflicts over shared water bodies have arisen due to competing interests, resource scarcity, and geopolitical tensions. However, cooperation has also emerged as a crucial approach to address these challenges and promote sustainable resource management. This study, therefore, explores the historical perspectives and the dynamics of Maritime conflicts and transboundary water cooperation, tracing their evolution from precolonial times to modern-day international agreements and frameworks. It delves into the evolution of Maritime conflicts driven by territorial, economic, and political interests, alongside the development of international laws and agreements fostering cooperation over shared water resources. By analysing case studies from different historical periods and regions, the study highlights the interplay between conflict and cooperation in the maritime realm offering insights into the underlying causes of disputes and the mechanisms that have successfully mitigated them. The findings underscore the importance of historical context in understanding current maritime tensions and the potential pathways to a peaceful resolution and sustainable management of Transboundary water resources.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Transboundary water resources
  topic: keywords
subject: Maritime conflicts
  topic: keywords
subject: Historical perspectives
  topic: keywords
subject: Cooperation
  topic: keywords
subject: International agreements
  topic: keywords
subject: Sustainable resource management
  topic: keywords
creator: Uwomano Benjamin OKPEVRA
creator: Nkechi Faith Eborka
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-05-30
publication date: 2025-05-30
starting page: 129
ending page: 142
doi: 10.53963/pjmr.2024.009.1

CONTINUITIES & DISCONTINUITIES OF MARITIME SECURITY: A CASE STUDY OF GWADAR
type: item
description: Temporal continuality of maritime security exists across two eras in the port city of Gwadar: 19th century British colonialism; and 21st Century Chinese presence in the Chinese-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC). This paper analyses this continuality and the difference between the two eras via three nodes: 1) infrastructure, 2) threat factors and 3) hegemonic power applications. The analysis emanates that infrastructural security transitioned from British telegraph lines and naval posts to CPEC port infrastructure; threat factors manoeuvred from local tribes and the Persian-British boundary during British Raj eras to Baluch nationalism and USA hegemony in the Indian Ocean during Chinese CPEC presence; hegemonic power moved from covert British expansionism and the Sultanate’s maritime control to China’s extraterritorial presence in Pakistan and liaison with the Pakistani armed forces to maintain healthy development. Hence, Gwadar's historical timeline mirrors a continuality in maritime security amidst infrastructural, threat, and consolidatory factors, where the colonial history of the region has necessitated China to adopt authoritative control measures as well. However, the exertion of these trends has seen a shift towards the localized measures of the British era towards a more globalized perspective in maritime security, reflected by the movement of power centres towards the national centre and the involvement of international actors. In these globalised times, it is stringently recommended that colonial skins of the past be shed in favour of Chinese cooperationism.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Coastal & Littoral Studies
  topic: keywords
subject: Maritime Security
  topic: keywords
subject: CPEC
  topic: keywords
subject: Gwadar
  topic: keywords
subject: Indian Ocean
  topic: keywords
creator: Mohammad Hassan Jilani
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-05-30
publication date: 2025-05-30
starting page: 100
ending page: 128
doi: 10.53963/pjmr.2024.008.1

CHINA-U.S. NAVAL BUILD-UP AND EMERGING BALANCE OF POWER IN INDO-PACIFIC
type: item
description: The article highlights fast track naval build-up by China and United States which is imparting transformative impact on the power dynamics of Indo-Pacific region. Rapid production of naval vessels by China’s industrial complex has turned People Liberation Army Navy (PLAN) into largest navy in the world. However, United States Navy (USN) still dominates PLAN in terms of qualitative advantage and net-tonnage as superior technological systems are being employed by U.S. Navy’s bigger and more capable naval vessels. This article provides detailed overview of current strength of PLAN and U.S. Navy as well as their on-going and near-future modernization programs. These modernization programs cover the surface, sub-surface, and aerial domain. The article also provides analysis how these advancements will enhance their combat capability with respect to emerging threat environment in Indo-Pacific region. Using theoretical lens of Balance of Power (BoP) theory, the article predominately focuses on naval prowess to gauge the relative strength of both nations. However, it also incorporates and briefly discusses other important parameters including differences in strategies being employed, role of geographical factor, and formulation of new alliances and security arrangements by Washington like AUKUS and Quad, and their efficiency particularly from when compared with NATO’s example. The analysis concludes by assessing the impact of these factors on the evolving balance of power in the Indo-Pacific, and how balance of power in Indo-Pacific is likely to change depending upon future trajectories of China and U.S. force modernization drive.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: People Liberation Army Navy (PLAN)
  topic: keywords
subject: United States Navy (USN)
  topic: keywords
subject: Info-Pacific Region
  topic: keywords
subject: Naval Build-up
  topic: keywords
subject: Balance of Power
  topic: keywords
creator: Ahmad Ibrahim
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-05-30
publication date: 2025-05-30
starting page: 87
ending page: 99
doi: 10.53963/pjmr.2024.007.1

MARITIME SECURITY AND GEO-POLITICS IN INDIAN OCEAN REGION: REPERCUSSIONS FOR PAKISTAN
type: item
description: The world has witnessed a geopolitical power shift from Atlantic to Indo-Pacific, prompting the regional and extra-regional actors to scramble for power in Indian Ocean Region-IOR. China has unveiled Belt and Road Initiative to buttress its maritime foothold, while US, India, Japan, Australia, and UK are forging strategic partnerships and alliances such as Quad and AUKUS to counter China’s prowess. The geopolitical convergence and divergence have made Indian Ocean a hub of geo-politics, horrendously undermining region’s maritime security. As far as Pakistan’s position is concerned, it is being enormously affected owing to its partnership with China in the form of China-Pakistan Economic Corridor-CPEC. This research employs theoretical framework of geo-politics, maritime security complex, and Securitization. The methodology used is qualitative while the type of social research is exploratory. This insight concludes that various interlinked geopolitical developments are threatening the maritime security of IOR, which in turn has economic, security, and political ramifications for Pakistan. It also provides various recommendations for the formulation of Pakistan’s maritime strategy based on elements of soft and hard power.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Indian Ocean Region-IOR
  topic: keywords
subject: geopolitics
  topic: keywords
subject: maritime security
  topic: keywords
subject: Belt and Road Initiative-BRI
  topic: keywords
subject: Quad
  topic: keywords
subject: AUKUS
  topic: keywords
subject: China-Pakistan Economic Corridor-CPEC
  topic: keywords
creator: Safia Mansoor
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-05-30
publication date: 2025-05-30
starting page: 71
ending page: 86
doi: 10.53963/pjmr.2024.006.1

TRIANGLE OF PROGRESS - CHINA PAKISTAN ECONOMIC CORRIDOR, SHIP RECYCLING & STEEL INDUSTRY
type: item
description: The economic promise of the 60s has faded away in the last many decades with frequent boom and bust cycles indicative of poor planning and ill-advised policy making. Political instability, terrorism within and from across the borders and lack of national consensus has resulted in a dwindling economy. What has persevered is Pakistan’s relationship with China which has only grown despite the occasional hiccups. CPEC, a harbinger of hope for Pakistan’s economy was launched with the help of Chinese in 2015, has only been able to garner limited success in light of global opposition and more importantly due political instability and resistant bureaucratic processes. But undoubtedly, CPEC has the potential to uplift two critical yet inter-dependent segments of Pakistan’s economy i.e. Ship recycling and steel industry. This study investigates how other states such as Bangladesh in the case of Ship Recycling and South Korea in Steel sector have been able to accrue maximum benefits while dilating upon the factors leading to the decline of these sectors through analysis of various studies and corelating them with available data. The paper recommends a way forward for the policy makers on the role of Special Economic Zones (SEZs) under CPEC as a catalyst to forge new economic pathways within Ship Recycling and Steel sector.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Blue Economy
  topic: keywords
subject: Terrorism
  topic: keywords
subject: CPEC
  topic: keywords
subject: Steel Industry
  topic: keywords
subject: Ship Recycling
  topic: keywords
subject: SEZ
  topic: keywords
creator: Sanaa Mubashar Shahid
creator: Mubashar Hassan Shahid
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-05-30
publication date: 2025-05-30
starting page: 36
ending page: 61
doi: 10.53963/pjmr.2024.004.1

INDO-FRENCH STRATEGIC PARTNERSHIP IN THE INDIAN OCEAN: IMPLICATIONS FOR PAKISTAN
type: item
description: The Indian Ocean is emerging in the 21st century’s hot battleground not just for regional countries like India, and China but also for the European nations, particularly France. France has overseas territories in Asia-Pacific impelling France to become the resident power. Moreover, France has been continuously engaging in the activities of the Indian Ocean to achieve the objective of securing Sea Lines of Communications and counter the increasing influence of China with the help of India in the region. Both France and India are engaging on many fronts ranging from the maritime partnership to the defense and security pacts. France currently is the second largest defense partner of India. In the recent past, India received 26 Rafael jets for its air force from France, and 39 more marine versions of Rafael were also handed over to the Indian Navy. Both countries also signed agreements to share the diesel submarines. India has still to receive the last diesel submarines from France under project 75. While keeping the close relations between Paris and New Delhi and latter’s proximity with Pakistan resulted in security and military threats. The strategic partnership between India and France has geo-strategic geopolitical and geo-economic challenges for Pakistan. This paper, thus, aims to explore these challenges for Pakistan. The method employed for this research is a mixed method in which both primary and secondary data was used to conduct this study.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: India
  topic: keywords
subject: France
  topic: keywords
subject: Pakistan
  topic: keywords
subject: Indian Ocean Region (IOR)
  topic: keywords
subject: Strategic Competition
  topic: keywords
subject: Maritime Rafael
  topic: keywords
creator: Musavir Hameed
creator: Harsa
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-05-30
publication date: 2025-05-30
starting page: 14
ending page: 24
doi: 10.53963/pjmr.2024.002.1

Necessity of Maritime Security in Gwadar Port Complex
type: item
description: In the changing global scenario of international politics, the growing attention following the end of the Cold War, has been directed towards oceans. Indian Ocean and its region has gained immense attention in the past few years. Due to the presence of strategic Sea Lines of Communications (SLOCs) and choke points-Indian Ocean has crucial importance to drive international politics. The level of competition in the region has increased. With China’s rise as a global economic power, the hegemonic status of US is being challenged. In this regard, China’s String of Pearls strategy comes to light with special reference to the One Belt, One Road (BRI). The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is the most potent part of the Belt-Road Initiative. The surmounting attention owes to the geostrategic location of Gwadar. Connecting Gwadar with Xinjiang-it would provide China with an alternate route to reach the Middle Eastern and North African markets, ending its Malacca Dilemma. CPEC in this regard, requires a diverse map for maritime security which sees the interplay of four major navies in the region-US, PLA Navy, Pakistan and the Indian Navy.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Indian Ocean
  topic: keywords
subject: BRI
  topic: keywords
subject: CPEC
  topic: keywords
subject: PLA Navy
  topic: keywords
subject: Maritime Security
  topic: keywords
subject: Gwadar
  topic: keywords
subject: US
  topic: keywords
subject: Heartland Theory
  topic: keywords
creator: Faiza Farid
rights: Copyright (c) 2020 POLARIS Journal of Maritime Research
date: 2020-12-31
publication date: 2020-12-31
doi: 10.53963/pjmr.2020.001.1

MARITIME TOURISM: GLOBAL SUCCESS STORIES AND THE CASE OF PAKISTAN
type: item
description: The coastal / maritime tourism is an important segment in a multi-trillion dollars and multivariate global tourism industry. It offers one of the new avenues and fastest growing areas for significant role in global economies. Various countries such as Maldives, Indian State of Kerala, Singapore and Thailand etc. have focused on maritime tourism with good governance practices evolved over period of time to earn substantial revenues from it. Pakistan has also immense maritime tourism potential with diversified natural, religious, and cultural tourism resources. But Pakistan’s maritime tourism is considered very weak due to various issues. With qualitative research, this paper attempts to explore and suggest solutions for the development of maritime tourism sector of Pakistan by analysing the tourism governance of global success stories and evaluating the nationwide potential and challenges. Arguments are developed that the factors behind the success stories of Maldives & Kerala state in India can act as guidance for taking initiatives on the proposed potential sites in order to uplift the maritime tourism sector in Pakistan. It is anticipated that the effective implementation of this paper’s recommendations would be instrumental in gearing up Pakistan’s Maritime economy.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Coastal
  topic: keywords
subject: Maritime
  topic: keywords
subject: Maldives
  topic: keywords
subject: Kerala
  topic: keywords
subject: Tourism governance
  topic: keywords
subject: Success stories
  topic: keywords
subject: Potential sites
  topic: keywords
creator: Naureen Fatima
creator: Muhammad Akhtar
rights: Copyright (c) 2020
date: 2020-03-12
publication date: 2020-03-12
doi: 10.53963/pjmr.2020.005.1

Dhows in doldrums: a spotlight on an informal segment of Pakistan’s maritime economy
type: item
description: This paper elaborates upon the challenges faced by Dhow making industry in Pakistan, where dhows have always served as the traditional means of cargo transportation. Dhows have also been useful in trade especially with secondary ports and war -torn countries of the Middle East and Africa. The decreasing trend in trade through dhows is affecting not only the maritime economy but also may lead to the extinction of traditional and customary knowledge of dhow making industry. Pakistan needs to ensure that policy gaps are filled to address the concerns of all stakeholders and steps may be taken to identify it as a formal industry in the maritime economy. Moreover, training and capacity building programs will also play an eminent role in generating relevant workforce for boosting the growth of the boat making industry. Active efforts are needed for Public Private Partnership and incentivizing dhow trade also with the assurance of the availability of required raw materials that would help in the revival of the industry. The utilization of modern technology, adequate facilities such as revision of port charges and availability of basic infrastructure are recommended to excel the growth of this vital segment of maritime economy.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Trade
  topic: keywords
subject: wooden boats
  topic: keywords
subject: traditional boats
  topic: keywords
subject: sea-trade
  topic: keywords
subject: flag- state
  topic: keywords
subject: traditional art
  topic: keywords
subject: voyage
  topic: keywords
creator: Ms. Alifiya Aun Ali
creator: Cdr Sajjad Ahmed Khrbey
rights: Copyright (c) 2020
date: 2020-03-12
publication date: 2020-03-12
doi: 10.53963/pjmr.2020.004.1

Maritime Security Cooperation: From Mistrust to Trust in the Indian Ocean Region
type: item
description: Home to one fifth of the world’s waterbody, the Indian Ocean is abundant with a variety of mineral and biological resources. As the ocean space housing one of the world’s busiest shipping routes, it is crucial that its natural resources and its environment are safeguarded. In ancient times, this ocean space has been an area of great cooperation, however, in present times the Indian Ocean has been largely confounded by distrust. The problem under study in this research was: even though the Indian Ocean Region is an extremely important and highly utilised ocean space that a vast majority of the world relies on, there is inadequate cooperation between the littoral states as well as the extra-regional states in ensuring the waterbody is safe. As such, the objectives of this research were to analyse why there is inadequate cooperation within the Indian Ocean Region; and to analyse how the Indian Ocean littoral countries and its users can cooperate with one another in ensuring maritime security cooperation. Primary sources for the qualitative research included policy documents and correspondence whilst secondary data included newspaper articles, reputed journals and websites. The data gathered from these sources were coded to derive the analysis in this research. As present challenges are diverse and dynamic, countries are singularly unable to ensure ocean spaces are safe unless they have shared intelligence and information from a variety of stakeholders. The paper argues that Maritime Domain Awareness enables intelligence sharing, as well as in exchanging capabilities and resources. In conclusion, there are many avenues for maritime security cooperation in the Indian Ocean such as by sharing capabilities, resources and skills. It can also cooperate to eliminate non-traditional security threats, which affects both the littoral states as well as the users of the Indian Ocean.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Indian Ocean
  topic: keywords
subject: Maritime Domain Awareness
  topic: keywords
subject: Maritime Security Cooperation
  topic: keywords
subject: Non-Traditional Security Threats
  topic: keywords
creator: Bhagya Senaratne
rights: Copyright (c) 2020
date: 2020-03-12
publication date: 2020-03-12
doi: 10.53963/pjmr.2020.003.1

Geo-political and Geo-economic Dynamics of the Region in Developing the Sea-based Economy of the IOR Countries
type: item
description: The geo-politics and geo-economics of the Indian Ocean Region (IOR) littoral are interconnected to each-other with a large scale of Afro-Asian population and a tremendous maritime economic potential. Welfare interests of the populations of IOR littoral states demand tapping of the Seabased economic potential, but the geo- political dynamics of the region are not conducive due to diverse dimensions of multiplayers in the region and gradual Sino-Asian power shift, where philosophy of enhanced cooperation for peace and sustainability is highly needed. The addition of Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) has provided new avenues to harness the true potential and uplift the poverty by improving existing socio - economic ties. The BRI has many challenges, and its opportunities can be exploited by China, Pakistan and Iran, through an extra efforts on diplomatic front. Based on qualitative research and content analysis method, this paper aims to analyse the various aspects of the geo-politics and geo-economics of the IOR viz-a-viz Sea-based economic potential and rationalizes the need of enhanced cooperation for peace and sustainability in order to promote socioeconomic uplift and prosperity across Afro-Asian region.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Indian Ocean
  topic: keywords
subject: Geo-political
  topic: keywords
subject: Geo-economic
  topic: keywords
subject: IOR Littoral
  topic: keywords
subject: AfroAsian region
  topic: keywords
subject: Sea-based economy
  topic: keywords
subject: Welfare interests
  topic: keywords
subject: SLOC
  topic: keywords
subject: CPEC
  topic: keywords
subject: OBOR
  topic: keywords
subject: Chahbahar Port
  topic: keywords
subject: Gwadar Port
  topic: keywords
subject: enhanced cooperation
  topic: keywords
subject: socio-economic uplift
  topic: keywords
creator: Kanwar Muhammad Javed Iqbal
creator: Baber Bilal Haider
rights: Copyright (c) 2020 POLARIS Journal of Maritime Research
date: 2020-12-31
publication date: 2020-12-31
doi: 10.53963/pjmr.2020.002.1

Sir Creek and its Legal and Political Significance and Resolution
type: item
description: The Sir Creek dispute remains a serious hurdle in the way of any meaningful progress on ties between Pakistan and India, but it also has huge potential to be resolved by recourse to international law and bilateral negotiations. In this respect, I will explore certain important historical, legal and political aspects of the Sir Creek dispute in order to better inform future dialogue between the two states. Among other things, I will discuss the status of the law and its application to the dispute. With regards to Sir Creek, other considerations that will be examined include: the impetus for both states to adhere to the law of the sea, the potential of international dispute resolution and the appropriate choice of procedure for settlement, the relevant weightage to be given to historical and special circumstances as well as the significance to relevant international legal proceedings on the dispute. The various factors relevant to the amicable settlement of such river boundary disputes will also be holistically examined.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Sikander Ahmed Shah
rights: Copyright (c) 2019
date: 2019-12-31
publication date: 2019-12-31
doi: 10.53963/pjmr.2019.005.1

Beyond Seablindness: A New Agenda for Maritime Security Studies
type: item
description: This article examines the rise of maritime security in concept and practice. We argue that developments in the maritime arena have flown beneath the radar of much mainstream international relations and security studies scholarship, and that a new agenda for maritime security studies is required. In this article we outline the contours of such an agenda, with the intention of providing orientation and direction for future research. Our discussion is structured into three main sections, each of which outlines a core dimension of the maritime security problem space. We begin with a discussion of the issues and themes that comprise the maritime security agenda, including how it has been theorized in security studies to date. Our argument is that the marine environment needs to be understood as part of an interlinked security complex, which also incorporates strong connections between land and sea. Second, we examine the ways in which maritime security actors have responded to these challenges in practice, focusing on issues of maritime domain awareness, coordination of action, and operations in the field. Third, we turn to the mechanisms through which the new maritime security agenda is being disseminated to local actors through a process of devolved security governance. We focus particularly on efforts to distribute knowledge and skills to local actors through capacity building and security sector reform. In the conclusion, we outline the future challenges for maritime security studies that follow from these observations.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Maritime Security
  topic: keywords
subject: Marine Environment Safety
  topic: keywords
subject: Piracy
  topic: keywords
subject: Maritime Blindness
  topic: keywords
creator: Christian Bueger
creator: Timothy Edmunds
rights: Copyright (c) 2019
date: 2019-12-31
publication date: 2019-12-31
doi: 10.53963/pjmr.2019.004.1

Regional Collaboration Among Countries in the Indian Ocean for Better Coastal and Ocean Governance
type: item
description: The Mangroves for the Future initiative (MFF) has operated since 2006 as a strategic regional and partnership-led programme working in response to the continued degradation of coastal ecosystems, which threatens the livelihoods and security of coastal communities and makes them more vulnerable to impacts from climate change. MFF follows the principle that healthy coastal ecosystems (principally mangroves, coral reefs and sea grass beds) can contribute significantly to human well-being and the resilience of man and nature to climate change. In its initial phase to 2010, MFF supported India, Indonesia, Maldives, Seychelles, Sri Lanka and Thailand to deliver a targeted response to the Indian Ocean tsunami in 2004. Since then, country membership has expanded to include Bangladesh, Cambodia, Myanmar, Pakistan and Viet Nam and the initiative has grown towards a wider response to the current and emerging challenges for coastal management in the Indian Ocean and South China Sea regions. MFF is also engaged with Malaysia on an outreach basis; and with the Philippines as a dialogue country. Co-chaired by International Union for Conservation of nature (IUCN) and United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and with ASEAN Centre for Biodiversity (ACB), Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO), United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP), and Wetland International (WI) as institutional partners, MFF provides a unique platform for representatives from governments, civil society and private sectors to meet, discuss and take actions together at both regional and national scales. At the regional level, MFF is governed by a Regional Steering Committee that provides strategic leadership for policy change and advocacy and also serves as a forum for country to country information exchange and discussions on emerging issues of regional importance. Within each MFF member country, a National Coordination body has oversight on the programme implementation as guided by…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Environment Conservation
  topic: keywords
subject: Marine Pollution
  topic: keywords
subject: Mangroves
  topic: keywords
subject: Regional Collaboration
  topic: keywords
subject: Indian Ocean
  topic: keywords
creator: Steen Christensen
creator: Raquibul Amin
creator: Ghulam Qadir Shah
rights: Copyright (c) 2019
date: 2019-12-31
publication date: 2019-12-31
doi: 10.53963/pjmr.2019.003.1

The Arabian Sea - Marine Pollution Viz A Viz Existence and Implementation of International Preventative Laws
type: item
description: Tremendously increasing marine pollution is a global threat to the survival of humanity. The correlation between marine pollution and devastating impact on ecological systems and other spheres of environment have already been proven. Marine pollution is not a localized phenomenon and has its effects on a global scale; this leads to formulation of certain international regulations mutually agreed by signatory nations. However, in certain parts of the world, including the Indian Ocean, compliance with regulations is not observable. Unsolved part ofthe puzzle is; why marine pollution continues to exist notwithstanding the evidence that it is so very dangerous. To answer this question, economic, legal, political, scientific, social and technological factors need to be brought under consideration. This study serves a twofold purpose; firstly, it enquires into the deliberation on international law regarding marine pollution in this region; secondly, it identifies the quantity and quality of the main sources of marine pollution in the Indian Ocean. An attempt has been made to identify main sources of marine pollution in Indian Ocean followed by a chemical classification of pollutants and extrapolating their temporal impacts on bio-diversity of the region. Understanding of pollution sources that affect Indian Ocean provide better insight for planning and implementation of the necessary regime to prevent, reduce and control marine pollution in the Arabian Sea. Qualitative and quantitative chemical analysis performed in the region, using advanced analytical techniques to prevent, control and eliminate marine pollution viz-à-viz various conventions put in place in the region depict that strict compliance of the protocols is need of time to save the oceans from getting polluted beyond the limit of retrieval to original state.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Marine Pollution
  topic: keywords
subject: International Laws
  topic: keywords
subject: Maritime Zones
  topic: keywords
subject: Ocean governance
  topic: keywords
creator: Mobin Siddiqi
creator: Rafia Azmat
rights: Copyright (c) 2019 POLARIS Journal of Maritime Research
date: 2019-12-31
publication date: 2019-12-31
doi: 10.53963/pjmr.2019.002.1

Sustainable Fisheries Management in the Indian Ocean: The Way Forward
type: item
description: The Oceans cover 71% of the earth’s surface and contains 97% of the planet’s water. This is the life support system of the earth. The Ocean is the main protein supplier for the humankind. The Indian Ocean is a warm water ocean and well regulated by monsoons and currents. Large number of rivers and tributaries flow into this ocean, making it rich with minerals, seaweeds and planktons, which sustain the fish stocks. Man-made pollution and climate change can be detrimental to the sustenance of a balanced marine eco-system. Further, Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) fishing combined with destructive fishing methods can deplete this valuable protein source. Issues and conflicts in delimitation of maritime boundaries and fishermen not respecting even internationally or bilaterally established maritime boundaries are impediments to effective fisheries management. The Indian Ocean is vast and the third largest ocean in the world. The population of the Indian Ocean is around 2.5 billion. However, we must be mindful of the need to have a sustainable ocean based economic model, that will not over exploit the finite fishery resources but will continue to provide the much-needed protein sources to this large population, not only at present times but even in the future. Non-management of fisheries by states and non-adherence to rule based maritime order by non-state actors engaged in fisheries could have ramifications on traditional and human security aspects for the region. Fishing boats and some fishermen could be involved with various maritime crime activities for monetary or ideological gains, and, depletion of fisheries resources due to overfishing can have a direct impact on human security of the Indian Ocean littorals, as the main livelihood and economic activities of the coastal populations are connected to the ocean based resources. There were many instances of the fishermen being exploited by terrorist groups. Hence the management of fisheries in a sustainable m…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Fisheries Management
  topic: keywords
subject: Indian Ocean
  topic: keywords
subject: Traditional and Human security
  topic: keywords
creator: Jayanath Colombage
rights: Copyright (c) 2019 POLARIS Journal of Maritime Research
date: 2019-12-31
publication date: 2019-12-31
doi: 10.53963/pjmr.2019.001.1

Tackling the Menace of Illegal, Unreported, and Unregulated Fishing: A Call for Global Action
type: item
description: Tackling the Menace of Illegal, Unreported, and Unregulated Fishing: A Call for Global Action
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Ghazi Salahuddin
rights: Copyright (c) 2023
date: 2023-12-31
publication date: 2023-12-31
starting page: 209
ending page: 212
doi: 10.53963/pjmr.2023.011.1

Analysis of Karachi Coast Through Geo Spatial Technique from 2013-2022
type: item
description: Climate change is a burning issue at present time. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) estimates global mean sea levels to upsurge from 0.43 m to 0.84 m by the 21st century’s end. In the world, Pakistan is more likely to experience coastal hazards due to uncertain hydrodynamics in the Arabian Sea. Coastline erosion is one of the phenomena which are directly linked with increase in sea level rise. Karachi coastline has been delineated by the action of waves, winds, currents and tides which are the consequences of sea level rise causing immense shoreline changes. Remote Sensing techniques play a crucial role in spatio-temporal analysis. In this study, medium spatial resolution of 30m multi sensor Landsat images from 2013-2022 along the 100m coast of Karachi are providing data. For the estimation of changing coast line, a digital shoreline analysis system (DSAS) tool is utilized. From Cape Monz to Hawksbay in western coast, the rate of erosion and deposition are not indicating an alarming situation. It means anthropogenic activities are negligible in these areas. In contrast, eastern coast of Karachi like Keemari, Korangi and Port Qasim show an imbalance of sediment budget.South of Karachi depicted high accretion. In DSAS technique, out of 567 transects, 41% reported as erosional while 58% are accretional. This research will not only assist in providing data for coastal engineering but also recognition of coastal vegetation in order to maintain marine habitat .and minimize the incident and intensity of the catastrophic hazards.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Remote sensing
  topic: keywords
subject: erosion
  topic: keywords
subject: accretion
  topic: keywords
subject: hydrodynamics
  topic: keywords
subject: DSAS Tool
  topic: keywords
subject: shoreline change
  topic: keywords
subject: Landsat
  topic: keywords
subject: Anthropogenic activities
  topic: keywords
creator: Sadaf Asad
creator: Sheeba Afsar
creator: Yasmeen Anis
rights: Copyright (c) 2023
date: 2023-12-31
publication date: 2023-12-31
starting page: 195
ending page: 207
doi: 10.53963/pjmr.2023.010.1

Usage of Term' Maritime'' and its Impacts on the Literature on China-Pakistan Economic (Maritime) Corridor (CPEC)
type: item
description: This paper aims to construe literature-based research to highlight the significance of the relevant terminology in the 'maritime' domain: usage and utilisation. It intends to create a harmony-based information delivery within the literature for information to the stakeholders to understand the global maritime issues, concerns, updates, policies, and laws. Given that, fifty articles are selected from various journals to review the usage of the term ''maritime'' in the literature in different contexts, including oceans, ports, shipping and coasts. Results will be based upon the selected literature following the right path in translating the term 'maritime.' The research will analyse the future options for social, political and natural (behavioural) sciences' discourses in the 'maritime' domain under the ChinaPakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC). The idea presented through this paper is that CPEC is a maritime corridor connecting China with Pakistan, Kashgar Port, and Gwadar Port.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Khadija Zulfiqar
creator: M Jahanzeb Butt
creator: Yen-Chiang Chang
rights: Copyright (c) 2023
date: 2023-12-31
publication date: 2023-12-31
starting page: 161
ending page: 194
doi: 10.53963/pjmr.2023.009.1

Sino-US Escalating Competition in Indo-Pacific Ocean: Challenges and Choices for Pakistan
type: item
description: The Indo-Pacific Ocean has gained significant international focus in the 21st century. It plays a crucial role as a habitat for many countries and enables more than 80% of global trade through its sea routes. The region's abundant energy resources make it extremely important, leading great powers to compete for dominance. The rise of China in the region, together with the declining power of the United States, has forced the United States to assertively cultivate new alliances with regional states and strengthen existing partnerships. Simultaneously, China is making significant investments in neighbouring states to create and strengthen diplomatic relations. The ongoing power struggle between the US and China is having a negative impact on the neighbouring states in the region. The United States and India's strategic cooperation has prompted the area to indulge in an arms race, due to the longstanding hostilities with Pakistan. Due to Pakistan's crucial involvement in China's vital initiative, the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), the country is unable to disengage from the complexities of intense competition among major powers.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Indo-Pacific Ocean
  topic: keywords
subject: Pakistan
  topic: keywords
subject: United States of America
  topic: keywords
subject: Challenges
  topic: keywords
subject: SLOCs
  topic: keywords
creator: Sayyeda Aqsa Sajjad
rights: Copyright (c) 2023
date: 2023-12-31
publication date: 2023-12-31
starting page: 147
ending page: 160
doi: 10.53963/pjmr.2023.008.1

Realization of Vessel Productivity Enhancement via Comparative Analysis of Liner Services: A case of Qasim International Container Terminal (QICT) DP World, Karachi
type: item
description: The landscape of the shipping industry is constantly evolving. The key aspect point among numerous issues is the efficiency of container loading and offloading on the quayside. This research aims to analyze the performance of Qasim International Container Terminal (QICT) DP World Karachi, Pakistan via Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) evaluation, based on data gathered fqictfrom QICT, and to find the critical factors affecting the overall productivity of QICT. Comparative analysis of liner services of Maersk between Mawingu (MWG) Express and Jade Express was performed via KPI’s data collection from the Operation Department of QICT. This research concludes that vessel Productivity is reliant upon several factors. The most significant among all is the competence of the operator, number of quay cranes utilized at the terminal, number of transfer vehicles, berth allocation, and yard utilization. The study recommends to the terminal regarding optimum number of crane allocation and appropriate yard management to enhance the productivity of the JADE liner service via proactive maintenance of the shipto-shore cranes.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Muhammad Kashif Afzal
creator: Hafiz Shahrukh Zohaib
rights: Copyright (c) 2023
date: 2023-12-31
publication date: 2023-12-31
starting page: 117
ending page: 146
doi: 10.53963/pjmr.2023.007.1

Environmental Challenges – Focus on Indian Ocean: Evaluation of International Climate Change Agreements and Protocols
type: item
description: Environmental challenges are posing serious threats not only to humanity but to all creatures on Earth. Countering rapid ecological degradation in the last two decades has been a source of serious stress for the international community. According to United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), human imprint is contributing to climate change due to many factors. The retrospective study highlights oil spills, plastic pollution, nuclearization, Illegal Unreported and Unregulated Fishing (IUUF), domestic waste, agricultural waste, and heavy metal pollution as reasons towards environmental degradation and negative impacts on marine ecosystems. Analytical study of international efforts for ecological protection highlights certain limitations to implementing international agreements and protocols. Parties’ non-compliance to surrender their sovereignty before international organizations is a serious matter. Such a situation needs revisiting the international attitude towards environmental protection not for the current population but for generations to come. Descriptive research approach employed for comparative analysis of international efforts results in region-specific recommendations. Consent of all participating states to make concrete efforts to save Earth's ecosystem will worth more for action. Regularly revised international regulations and protocols as per circumstantial needs will help to secure seas and maritime environment.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Basel Convention
  topic: keywords
subject: Climate Change
  topic: keywords
subject: International Climate Change Agreements
  topic: keywords
subject: Illegal Unreported and Unregulated Fishing
  topic: keywords
creator: Sehrish Qayyum
rights: Copyright (c) 2023
date: 2023-12-31
publication date: 2023-12-31
starting page: 95
ending page: 116
doi: 10.53963/pjmr.2023.006.1

IUU Fishing policy adoption in Pakistan: An overview
type: item
description: Several initiatives have been taken to fight against IUU fishing globally. In a recent development FAO has developed a new agreement to prevent IUU fish catch reaching to the ports. In this context, Regional Fisheries Organizations have a key role in the fight against illegal fishing in their territorial waters. However, many east African and southwest Indian Ocean states do not pay attention to adopt IUU prevention measures. They should have no history of IUU activities and are subject to inspections during the arrival and amp; landing of fish. In this research, we provided three types of forms for the various measures are prescribed in the model scheme. The Application (form A) for Port Access for foreign fishing vessels should be submitted 72 hours before the arrival of the Vessel. Information on fishing trips, vessel characteristics, VMS, quantities of fish on board, and other documentation should be provided. The name of the vessel is verified to ensure that it does not appear on the list of IUU. For tuna and tuna-like species, the name of the vessel is checked against the positive list of the Indian Ocean Tuna.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Ghazi Salahuddin
creator: Neil Bellefontaine
creator: Nazia Qamar
rights: Copyright (c) 2023
date: 2023-12-31
publication date: 2023-12-31
starting page: 77
ending page: 94
doi: 10.53963/pjmr.2023.005.1

Monitoring Emissions over Coastal Regions of Pakistan: Current Status and Applicable Techniques
type: item
description: Shipping operations have an environmental impact both in ports, as well as in the immediate vicinity of the coast. These impacts are due to the fuel burning exhaust from the ship’s main and auxiliary engines which contain gases like Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) and Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) and machinery used for loading and unloading, in addition to particulate matter and dust from the handling of materials such as grain, coal and sand. Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information System (GIS) is an efficient tool being used worldwide for the monitoring of environmental problems. Response of Earth’s atmosphere or surface to electromagnetic radiation can be mapped through RS for the status of changes in the natural environment. Smart sensors developed for detection of air pollutants is an emerging technique to monitor emissions for real time monitoring and management of air pollution in distant regions. In the current study, satellite data is used to investigated concentrations of key emissions from shipping operations at ports to analyse the status of air pollutants over coastal regions of Pakistan. The pollutants investigated in this study through RS and GIS technique include CO2, SO2, NO2, CO and Particulate Matter (PM). These emission trends can be used to determine the efficacy of mitigatory measures to reduce emissions at ports and monitor the air quality of coastal areas. Furthermore, use of scientific technology and current trends in the measurement and monitoring of shipping emission have been studied for their applicability in Pakistan.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Green Shipping
  topic: keywords
subject: Greenhouse Gases
  topic: keywords
subject: Pollution
  topic: keywords
subject: Emissions
  topic: keywords
subject: Sea
  topic: keywords
subject: Air Quality
  topic: keywords
subject: Sensors
  topic: keywords
subject: Coastal Areas
  topic: keywords
creator: Fasiha Safdar
creator: Saba Zeenat
creator: Bilal Abdul Nasir
rights: Copyright (c) 2023
date: 2023-12-31
publication date: 2023-12-31
starting page: 55
ending page: 75
doi: 10.53963/pjmr.2023.004.1